有一点不懂,为什么 Hillary Clinton 把 Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo 列在一起?
在这一点上亚洲国家在统一战线上么?
http://zaobao.com/special/forum/pages5/forum_us070816.html
略谈中美货币战争
[1320] (2007-08-16)
8日《英国每日电讯报》发表了一篇题为《中国威胁“核选择”欲抛售美元》(China threatens ‘nuclear option' of dollar sales)的文章。报道认为,中国国务院发展研究中心金融研究所所长夏斌对媒体表示,中国可以把手中的1万3300亿美元外汇储备(大部分是美国财政部发行的国债)变成“政治武器”,以对付美国国会要求中国人民币升值的压力。与此同时,报道还说,中国社会科学院研究院何帆也在官方的英文报纸《中国日报》(china daily)说,如果中国愿意,中国有能力通过抛售美国国债使美元崩溃。
有媒体认为,夏斌等人的建议相当于在中美经贸战中使用“经济核武器”(在We grow up by surviving crises一文中,作者将其比喻为“确保相互摧毁”(MAD)的经济战略)。一些媒体认为,目前美国经济,特别是金融和房地产表现欠佳,美元汇率持续下降,如果中国真的抛售部分美元资产,势必对已经处于弱势的美元造成进一步的打击,甚至可能引发美元的崩盘。
《每日电讯报》的报道显然引起了美国官方和布什的高度关注。很少谈论经贸问题的布什在接受电视访问时强调,中国如果真的这么做,等于是不顾后果的“蛮干”,“中国所收的伤害绝对比美国更大”。布什同时质疑这两名学者的言论能在多大程度上代表“胡锦涛办公室”的立场,美国民主党参议员拜登、希拉里也就这个问题发表了评论。希拉里认为美国应该采取更加严谨的立法措施防止美国成为北京、上海和东京经济决策的“人质”( China threatens 'nuclear option' of dollar sales, by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, London Telegraph, August 9, 2007)
实际上,出乎绝大部分人的意料,两名中国学者的言论经过英美媒体的转载之后却掀起了“蝴蝶效应”,各种不同的评论此起彼伏,从某种程度来说,这证明了中国自身的国际影响力的提高,这在过去的岁月是不可想象的事情。中国托着沉甸甸的美钞袋子本身就是一种压力,国人要求在美元不断贬值的背景下加强外汇储备的多元化以及实现外汇储备的保值增值,但效果却不理想。如今,经过这次活生生的经历,国人却发现这个巨额的钱袋子也有它神奇的功能。国内的官僚机构面对外媒的重重提问与压力,不得不做出“此地无银三百两”的回应。根据新华社报道,中国人民银行有关负责人于12日否认西方媒体所称中国“威胁实施抛售美元”。中国人民银行有关负责人接受记者采访时表示:“美元在国际货币体系中占有重要的地位,美国金融市场容量大、流动性高,包括美国政府债券在内的美元资产,是我国外汇储备投资的重要组成部分。”令人奇怪的是,中国人民银行竟然在事件发生后的第四天才做出回应,到底葫芦里卖的是什么药,我想布什政府的智囊机构一定比我们清楚。
客观分析而言,此次两位研究学者发布的言论应该不是空穴来风,因为美国国内要求人民币升值的压力超出我们的想象,俨然有“鑫鑫之火,可以燎原”之势。实际上,近期美国参议院金融委员会支持两一项议案,即允许政府在认定中国是货币操纵国的情况下对中国商品增加贸易壁垒。美国财政保尔森从不情愿向中国施压,但是新法案将更难使财政部避免把中国划为货币操纵国,新法案也允许美联储在必要情况下干预货币市场以迫使人民币升值。同时,美国上下此时正在批评中国商品的安全问题。自年初以来,已有多起丑闻出现,从牙膏到海鲜到玩具。实际上,明白人可以看出,美国方面醉翁之意不在产品安全,而在于中美之间的贸易巨额贸易逆差。在贸易政治与选举政治蔚然成风的美国,这样的话题自然是政客们或者利益团体们炒作的话题,而且很可能在冲动与不理智的情况下获得国会对法案的支持并通过而具有强制法律效力。如果中国方面屈服于美国国内的政治压力而不采取相应的措施那么中国将必然遭受巨大的损失。实际上,单纯依靠美国国内自由学派经济学家们的“自由贸易理念”来制止这股贸易政治之风是不可能的。早在上个世纪20年代的大萧条时期,尽管美国许多有良心的经济学家引经据典的证明自由贸易的好处与贸易保护主义所带来的灾难,但还是抵挡不住美国国内的贸易保护主义势力,国会最终还是通过了美国历史上臭名昭著的《霍利-斯穆特法》(Smoot-Hawley Act),该法案将20000多种商品的进口关税破天荒的提高到约50%左右,结果证明了经济学家的预测,这一贸易法使美国的国际贸易进出口总额在 1930年下降到只有29亿美元,不足1929年的1/3。更严重的是,该法案的实施不仅爆发了国家间的贸易战争,也给美国的经济恢复带来负面的影响。此次事件让我明了,在美国,经济学家更多的是智囊,但决定政策的还是那些政客,经济学家参与政治,但改变不了政治本身。因此,有了前车之鉴,为防患于未然,中国方面自然要做出一些回应措施,迫使国会正视中国的合理要求与诉求。还记得去年美国参议院试图向中国进行贸易制裁的事情吗?当时中国回应:威胁采取必要措施,政治和经济上的压力可能对美国经济、美元造成沉重打击。现在中国政府通过这种非正规渠道公开表示自己的观点与看法,美国方面自然要慎重对待。在这个经济核选择中,明白人都知道如果一方采取让对方遭受重挫的措施,那么另外一方也自然要采取报复措施。后果是严重的,但威慑却是必要的,这是经济核选择的要求。
实际上,尽管布什大声挞伐中国两位学者的发言,但我必须说,布什政府以及财政部却是这场游戏的胜家。因为无论是布什还是财政部,都很难在中国以及美国国内之间获得一个很好的平衡。而此次中国方面的研究人员发布的言论,布什政府方面高调回应似乎证明了布什想利用这个“威胁”来给自己的行为辩护,也可以让财政部脱离虎口。这种举措其实和克林顿时代的做法如出一辙,克林顿就曾经利用美国人对中国将采取不利措施的忧虑使得中美摆脱贸易地雷阵。
诚然,如许多媒体所说的那样,中美之间其实处于一种典型的相互依赖中,双方都存在着敏感性与脆弱性。然而,就我的观察而言,美国尽管很敏感,但并不脆弱,这来自于美国的超级大国实力以及美元的世界货币储蓄地位,因此,从这个角度而言,我们是否正确评估了抛售美元对美元乃至美国经济的影响呢?我们是否也能够像一些专家分析的认为,外国政府也将同中国采取同一措施抛售美元呢?这些都是未知数。而中国方面,不仅敏感也很脆弱,这种脆弱来源于我们在面对来自美国的外在压力时,应对的措施极度有限。而这种极度有限的措施来源对美国国外市场的依赖以及自身经济发展模式的结构性失衡。这也是为什么我们面对来自美国要求人民币升值的压力时,迫不得已运用核选择的办法。或许此次事件如何发展,我们可以做一个乐观的估计,但我必须说,我们能够抵挡住下次或者下下次攻击么?我们要等到什么时候才能免于“我为鱼肉,人为刀俎”的尴尬境地呢?
总之,在这场货币大战中,获得胜利的,或许是美国的某些利益集团,或许是某些外汇投资机构等,但肯定不会是我们老百姓!
许少民 中山大学国际关系学系
《联合早报网>
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/08/07/bcnchina107a.xml
China threatens 'nuclear option' of dollar sales
By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard
Last Updated: 8:39pm BST 10/08/2007
The Chinese government has begun a concerted campaign of economic threats against the United States, hinting that it may liquidate its vast holding of US treasuries if Washington imposes trade sanctions to force a yuan revaluation.
# Blog - Dollar to collapse?
Fistful of dollars - China threatens 'nuclear option' of dollar sales
Fistful of dollars - China's trade surplus reached $26.9bn in June
Two officials at leading Communist Party bodies have given interviews in recent days warning - for the first time - that Beijing may use its $1.33 trillion (£658bn) of foreign reserves as a political weapon to counter pressure from the US Congress.
Shifts in Chinese policy are often announced through key think tanks and academies.
Described as China's "nuclear option" in the state media, such action could trigger a dollar crash at a time when the US currency is already breaking down through historic support levels.
It would also cause a spike in US bond yields, hammering the US housing market and perhaps tipping the economy into recession. It is estimated that China holds over $900bn in a mix of US bonds.
Xia Bin, finance chief at the Development Research Centre (which has cabinet rank), kicked off what now appears to be government policy with a comment last week that Beijing's foreign reserves should be used as a "bargaining chip" in talks with the US.
"Of course, China doesn't want any undesirable phenomenon in the global financial order," he added.
He Fan, an official at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, went even further today, letting it be known that Beijing had the power to set off a dollar collapse if it choose to do so.
"China has accumulated a large sum of US dollars. Such a big sum, of which a considerable portion is in US treasury bonds, contributes a great deal to maintaining the position of the dollar as a reserve currency. Russia, Switzerland, and several other countries have reduced the their dollar holdings.
"China is unlikely to follow suit as long as the yuan's exchange rate is stable against the dollar. The Chinese central bank will be forced to sell dollars once the yuan appreciated dramatically, which might lead to a mass depreciation of the dollar," he told China Daily.
The threats play into the presidential electoral campaign of Hillary Clinton, who has called for restrictive legislation to prevent America being "held hostage to economic decicions being made in Beijing, Shanghai, or Tokyo".
She said foreign control over 44pc of the US national debt had left America acutely vulnerable.
Simon Derrick, a currency strategist at the Bank of New York Mellon, said the comments were a message to the US Senate as Capitol Hill prepares legislation for the Autumn session.
"The words are alarming and unambiguous. This carries a clear political threat and could have very serious consequences at a time when the credit markets are already afraid of contagion from the subprime troubles," he said.
A bill drafted by a group of US senators, and backed by the Senate Finance Committee, calls for trade tariffs against Chinese goods as retaliation for alleged currency manipulation.
The yuan has appreciated 9pc against the dollar over the last two years under a crawling peg but it has failed to halt the rise of China's trade surplus, which reached $26.9bn in June.
Henry Paulson, the US Tresury Secretary, said any such sanctions would undermine American authority and "could trigger a global cycle of protectionist legislation".
Mr Paulson is a China expert from his days as head of Goldman Sachs. He has opted for a softer form of diplomacy, but appeared to win few concession from Beijing on a unscheduled trip to China last week aimed at calming the waters.